1. Slater, C.M., and G.E. Hall, 1996 County and City Extra (5th ed.), Lanham, MD: Berman Press.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Essex and Union Advisory Board for Health Planning, Inc., Region III Local Advisory Board, Needs Assessment for Region III, Essex and Union Counties, Planning Report No. 11, March 1996.

5. Goodman, N., B. Benesch and D. Andrulis, "A Tale of Two New Jersey Cities," New Jersey Medicine, May 1997.

6. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 data.

7. Area Resource File as of February 1996, Office of Research and Planning, Bureau of Health Professions, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Data are five-year annual average from 1988 to 1992.

8. Essex and Union Advisory Board for Health Planning, Inc., Region III Local Advisory Board, Needs Assessment for Region III, Essex and Union Counties. Planning Report No. 11, March 1996. O’Conco Health Care Consultants, New Jersey; Lead Poisoning Program, Department of Health, New Jersey; UMDNJ, A Review of the Community Service Mission, 1996; Essex and Union County Board for Health Planning, Inc. A Community-Based Needs Assessment of People Living with and Affected by HIV/AIDS, Update 1995.

9. American Hospital Association, database of the 1995 Annual Survey of Hospitals. Figures do not include long-term care units in hospitals.

10. Estimates are based on the 1996 American Medical Association Master File and 1996 American Osteopathic Association Master File. Includes physicians in direct patient care, excluding some specialties (radiology, anesthesiology, pathology), residents and fellows.

11. County and PMSA estimates from New Jersey Department of Labor; labor force estimates for 1995 by area; city estimates from Slater, C.M., and G.E. Hall, 1996 County and City Extra (5th ed.), Lanham, MD: Berman Press.

12. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994 County Business Patterns.

13. New Jersey Department of Labor, Labor Market and Demographic Research. Employment and The Economy, Northern New Jersey Region. Number 128, January 1997.

14. Raab and Selwyn, "Officials Say Mob Is Shifting Crimes to New Industries," New York Times, February 10, 1997.

15. Volpp, Kevin, and Bruce Siegel, "State Model New Jersey: Long-Term Experience with All-Payer State Rate-setting," Health Affairs, Summer 1993; Cantor, Joel, "Health Care Unreform: The New Jersey Approach," JAMA, Vol. 270, No. 24 (December 29, 1993).

16. Ibid. for further discussion.

17. Cantor (Decembr 29, 1993).

18. New Jersey Star Ledger, May 2, 1993.

19. New Jersey Hospital Association, Financial and Statistical Tracking (FAST) report, unaudited data, fiscal year 1996.

20. New Jersey Department of Health, 1997 Hospital Charity Care Distribution Amounts (from Department of Health home page on the World Wide Web).

21. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, "Commissioner Announces Plan for a Charity Care/Managed Care System" (news release), December 12, 1996.

22. New Jersey Register (27 NJR 3895), October 16, 1995.

23. Pulliam, S., "Blue Cross Blue Shield Beset by Financial Problems," The Wall Street Journal, March 27, 1991.

24. The New Jersey Individual Health Coverage Program and Small Employer Health Benefits Program, Report to the Senate Committee on Legislative Oversight, May 2, 1996.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. New Jersey Department of Human Services, Division of Medical Assistance and Health Services, June 1996.

28. New Jersey Department of Human Services, New Jersey Medicaid’s Managed Care Program: Status Report, August 1996.

29. Ibid.

30. "Graduate Medical Education," JAMA, Vol. 276, No. 9 (September 4, 1996), p. 739.

31. InterStudy Competitive Edge Regional Market Analysis 6.2, February 1997.

32. Winslow, Ron, "Blue Cross of New Jersey and Anthem Call off Merger After Legal Challenge," The Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1997.

33. Essex and Union Advisory Board for Health Planning, Inc., Region III Local Advisory Board, Needs Assessment for Region III, Essex and Union Counties, Planning Report No. 11, March 1996.

34. Slater and Hall, 1996 Country and City Extra.

35. Health Access New Jersey, Fact Sheet, October 1995.

36. Graduate Medical Education Survey, Advisory Graduate Medical Education Council of New Jersey, January 1994.